Reducing tensions in the Middle East can reduce bigotry and open doors for women
Tue Oct 12, 2021 12:00 AM
Pope Francis meets with Iraq’s top Shiite cleric, Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, in Najaf, Iraq, March 6, 2021. File photo: Reuters
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Pope Francis meets with Iraq’s top Shiite cleric, Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, in Najaf, Iraq, March 6, 2021. File photo: Reuters
Two separate developments involving improved relations between Sunni and Shia Muslims and women’s sports rights demonstrate major changes in the way the rivalry for leadership of the Muslim world and the competition to define Islam in the 21st century play out in a world where the states of the Middle East cannot depend more on the defense of the United States.
The developments are part of a regional effort by conservative, status quo states like Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Egypt and supporters of different forms of political Islam (Iran, Turkey and Qatar) to manage rather than resolve — their differences in order to make sure they don’t get out of hand. The efforts were most successful with the lifting of a 3.5-year diplomatic and economic boycott of Qatar led by the Saudis, the United Arab Emirates and Egypt in January this year.
For all the latest news, follow the Daily Star’s Google News channel. Reconciliation movements also signal pressure on Middle Eastern actors in what amounts to a battle for the soul of Islam to change perceptions of the region as being rocked by civil wars, sectarian tensions, l extremism, jihadism and autocracy. Changing this perception is essential for the successful implementation of plans to diversify the economies dependent on oil and gas exports in the Gulf, develop the resource-poor countries in the region, tackle an economic crisis in Turkey and to allow Iran to face crippling US sanctions.
Finally, these developments are also a harbinger of the next phase of the competition for religious soft power and leadership of the Muslim world. Breaking with the last decade, the noble declarations praising the adherence of Islam to tolerance, pluralism and respect for the rights of others which are not followed by acts no longer cut the ice. Likewise, advocates of socially conservative expressions of political Islam should be seen to adopt degrees of moderation hitherto reserved for their rivals, who prefer the status quo ante geopolitics.
This next phase of the battle is shaped not only by doubts among US allies in the Middle East as to the reliability of the US as a security guarantor – reinforced by the US withdrawal from Afghanistan – but it is also informed by the realization that neither China nor Russia can (or will attempt) to replace the umbrella of US defense in the Gulf.
The changing playing field of battles is further determined by the setbacks suffered by political Islam, starting with the 2013 military coup that toppled Mohamed Morsi, a Muslim brother and the first and only democratically elected Egyptian president. , and brutally decimated the Muslim Brotherhood. More recently, political Islamists suffered a resounding electoral defeat in Morocco and witnessed the autocratic seizure of power in Tunisia by President Kais Saied.
A recently published survey of Tunisian public opinion showed that 45% of those polled blamed Rachid Ghannouchi, the leader of the Islamist Ennahada party, for the country’s crisis, and 66% said they had no confidence in the party. .
Middle Eastern rivalries and quicksand give added significance to a visit planned in the coming weeks to Najaf, an Iraqi citadel of Shia Muslim learning and seat of the 91-year-old Shiite religious authority Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, by Ahmed el -Tayeb, the grand imam of al-Azhar, the main historical educational institution of Sunni Islam. The visit takes place against the backdrop of Iraqi talks between Saudi Arabia and Iran, the two main centers of the two main streams of Islam, which aim to ease tensions between them which reverberate throughout the Muslim world. The talks are expected to help the two regional powers manage rather than resolve their differences.
The rivalry has long been marked by Saudi-inspired anti-Shiite rhetoric and violence in a limited number of cases, and Iranian concerns about the country’s Sunni minority and its choice of a strategy centered on Shiite Muslim proxies in a limited number of cases. third countries. and support for the regime of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.
Implicit in Saudi and Iranian sectarianism was the perception of Shiite minorities in Saudi Arabia and other predominantly Sunni countries, and of Sunnis in Iran and Iraq after the overthrow of Saddam Hussein in 2003, as the fifth wheel of the other.
The visit of Imam al-Tayeb, a signal of improvement in long-strained Egyptian-Iraqi relations – as well as a possible subsequent meeting between the Sunni cleric, a Shia cleric other than Ayatollah al-Sistani because he is too old and fragile to travel, and Pope Francis – aim to put bigotry on the back burner. Ayatollah al-Sistani met the Pope during his visit to Iraq in March.
The visit takes on added significance in the wake of a suicide bombing attack this week against a Shiite Hazara mosque in the town of Kunduz, in northern Afghanistan, which left at least 50 dead and 100 injured. ISIS’s South Asian branch, Islamic State-Khorasan, claimed responsibility for the attack, the worst since the Taliban came to power in August. It was likely designed to fuel tensions between the Sunni Muslim group and the Hazaras, who make up 20 percent of the Afghan population.
Imam al-Tayeb’s trip to Najaf is expected to be followed by a visit from Mohamed al-Issa, secretary general of the Saudi-dominated Muslim World League (MWL). The MWL has long been a privileged vector for the propagation of Saudi anti-Shiite ultra-conservatism. Since coming to power, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has recast the MWL as a tool to project his loosely defined notion of a “moderate†state-controlled, tolerant and pluralistic Islam.
On a related note, diehard Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi took many by surprise by allowing women into Tehran’s Azadi Stadium to attend this month’s World Cup qualifiers between Iran and South Korea. Iran is the only country to ban women from attending male sporting events. It was not clear whether the move was a one-time move or signaled a relaxation or lifting of the ban. Raisi saw it as a way to rally domestic support and improve the image of the Islamic Republic both in China and Russia and in the West. Without a doubt, Raisi will have noted that China and Russia have joined with the United States, Europe and others in pressuring the Taliban in Afghanistan to recognize women’s rights.
Certainly, women in Iran enjoy educational rights and populate universities. They can take leadership positions in business and government even though Iran remains a patriarchal society. However, the ban on women in stadiums, coupled with the chador – head-to-toe coverage of women – has come to dominate the perception of Iranian gender policies. Allowing women to attend the World Cup qualifiers suggests some flexibility on President Raisi’s part. During his presidential campaign, he argued that giving women access to stadiums would not solve their problems. It also demonstrates that the government, with hard-line supporters controlling all branches, can shave off the sharp edges of its Islamic regime much more easily than reformists like Raisi’s predecessor, Hassan Rouhani, could.
The question is whether this is President Raisi’s intention. He might be testing the waters with this month’s football game; Only time will tell.
This may be too big a step for now but, like Imam al-Tayeb’s visit to Najaf, it indicates that reducing regional tensions puts more emphasis on soft power, which in turn increases the pressure for less harsh expressions of religion.
Dr James M Dorsey is an award-winning journalist and scholar, and Senior Researcher at the Middle East Institute, National University of Singapore.